Zahra Abdolahzare; navab kazemi; Saman Abdanan Mehdizadeh
Abstract
Introduction Honeybees play an important role in pollination. However, there are many problems that threaten the life of them. Pollinators can be exposed to insecticides during their application, by contact with residues, or from the ingestion of pollen, nectar or guttation fluid containing insecticide. ...
Read More
Introduction Honeybees play an important role in pollination. However, there are many problems that threaten the life of them. Pollinators can be exposed to insecticides during their application, by contact with residues, or from the ingestion of pollen, nectar or guttation fluid containing insecticide. The increasing use of neonicotinoids means there is a greater potential for pollinators to be exposed over longer periods as systemic insecticides can be found in the pollen and nectar of plants throughout their blooming period (Ellis, 2010). Exposure to insecticides may have lethal or sub-lethal behavioral or physiological effects. The impact of imidacloprid on homing flight was evaluated in field with a 500-m-distance between feeder and hive (Bortolotti et al. 2003). At the concentration of 100 lg kg-1 foragers fed with imidacloprid-added syrup returned to the hive, but this treatment caused a temporary inhibition of the foraging activity, lasting more than 5 h. Foragers fed with 500 and 1000 lg kg-1 of imidacloprid were seen neither at the hive nor at the feeding site, for the 24 h after the treatment (Bortolotti et al. 2003). Decourtye et al (2011) have shown how the RFID device can be used to study the effects of pesticides on both the behavioral traits and the lifespan of bees.In this context, they have developed a method under tunnel to automatically record the displacements of foragers individualized with RFID tags and to detect the alteration of the flight pattern between an artificial feeder and the hive. Fipronil was selected as test substance due to the lack of information on the effects of this insecticide on the foraging behavior of free-flying bees. They showed that oral treatment of 0.3 ng of fipronil per bee (LD50/20) reduced the number of foraging trips. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitoring and determination honeybee’s behavior in exposure to pesticide using data mining techniques. Materials and Methods Three smart beehive systems developed to monitoring of hive internal conditions. Therefore, each beehive equipped with temperature and humidity (HDC1080, China), vibration (MPU6050, China), and CO2 (CCS811, China) sensors. Data was collected during spraying time for 48 hours and different features of vibration signal in two time-frequency and frequency domains were extracted by MFCC (Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient) algorithm. After that, the most significant features were selected using PCA (Principle Component Analysis) which has been used specifically for extracting information from correlation matrices. Since the spectral dataforms the array of correlated variables containing overlapped information, this approach makes it possible to extractuseful information from high-dimensional data. To choose thenumber of components the cross-validationmethod was used. The extracted principal components wereused as the input variables for the classification model. In this paper, support vector machine with different kernel function including linear, polynomial, MLP, RBF, and quadratic was applied for performing classification. Results and discussion According to the MFCC of internal vibration results, there were dramatic changes in the range of 1800 to 2200 Hz in the time of spraying; also, Spectrogram of MFCC coefficients for the X component acceleration shown intensity of 350 in the frequency of 2000 Hz and time range of 60 to 120 minutes; besides, humidity (8 to 18 %), the amount of CO2 (450 to 530 ppm) and temperature (35 to 39 C) increased during this time.To reduce the dimensionality of data five PCs with minimum estimated mean squared prediction error (0.078) were selected based on Monte Carlo method and used in classifier. Among the five kernels (RBF, linear, MLP, Polynomial, Quadratic), RBF could recognize normal and infected colony with identification rate of 100% and 90%, respectively. Conclusions According to the results temperature, humidity, CO2, and vibration sensors can recognize internal condition of bee hive. Vibration features of honey bees movements were extracted using MFCC followed by PCA in frequency-time domain. Five PCs was selected by cross-validation method and RBF kernel was the best kernel with identification rate of 100% and 90% for normal and infected beehive, respectively. Generally, the vibration signals (that were recorded by acceleration sensor) have shown the best result compare to temperature, CO2, and humidity sensors. It is worth nothing that the use of two temperature and humidity sensors is necessary to monitor and control of beehive internal conditions.
N Kazemi; M Almasi; H Bahrami; M. J Shaykhdavoodi; M Mesgarbashi
Abstract
Introduction: Identifying and evaluating of variables that impact tractor performance needs correct size of the variables and their effects on parameters during the tractor operations. So it is necessary to measure accurately performance parameters for improving draft performance of tractor. Generally, ...
Read More
Introduction: Identifying and evaluating of variables that impact tractor performance needs correct size of the variables and their effects on parameters during the tractor operations. So it is necessary to measure accurately performance parameters for improving draft performance of tractor. Generally, there must be a proper assessment and identification from operational parameters such as forward speed, slippage, drawbar pull, etc. In this regard, a lot of research has been conducted using various methods to measure and calculate these parameters under various soil condition and different implementations for achieving the maximum overall energy efficiency, analyzing various treatments and predicting experimental models. But to change soil physical properties and different reactions of machinery on the one hand and to do operations related to on the other hand, precision agriculture intervals between the measurement of performance parameters and making decision for applying operational changes in real condition of work should be as short as possible. These conditions are required to be an accurate system with high confidence ratio for executing, measuring and recording simultaneously in farm. Therefore it is necessary to develop data acquisition for calculating field performance parameters in new methods of farm management. Materials and Methods: In this study, nine different sensors were installed on a MF399 tractor for recording engine and wheel speeds, drawbar power, and fuel consumption. A processing unit was designed and the performance parameters values of tractors-implement were fed into a software to a maximum of 1000 data per second real time, and also remotely from 1.5 km distance in Excel Sheet .Early stage testing of different combinations of the nine sensors included pre-installation on the tractor with four wheels on the jack (In workshop, on tractor) and on the farm and asphalt. Results and Discussion: The results showed that for engine and wheels and the fifth wheel speed sensors (actual forward speed) are accurate the slip was calculated real time using ultrasonic flow meters with 150 cc.min-1 flow rate The lowest fuel consumption was related to the no load and stationery is also possible. About draft, load cell measures 10 Nm real time. Generally, to identifying and survey the effect of various variables on performance parameters of tractor-implements, also designing automatic control system, SSCM and spatial variability in accurate agriculture depend on accurate and precise performance data measurement and correct measurement of variables and changes of parameters during operation execution at the same time. So the installed system is designed in such way that it can measure real-time wirelessly 9 main variables to a distance of 1500 meters with max 1000 data per second including forward speed, speed of all wheels, engine speed, net fuel consumption, drawbar pull and performance parameters such as OEE% (overall energy efficiency), SFC (lit/kw-hr),SE (specific energy in Mj/ha), AFC(Ha/hr), average slip of rear and front wheel(%) , drawbar power (kw), draft(kn/m), FCha(lit/ha)… which are calculated based on the nine variables and display data in tables and graph on pc and finally save separately and totally measurement results and all raw data (pulses) in 10 worksheets into an excel file for any sensor.. It is obvious that number and type of parameters, measurement unit and table display are editable in averaged form and totally this system is installable on common tractors with trivial changes in Iran. However, RTPM (remote tractor performance monitoring) was tested in real conditions of work and of library and its performance was found to be satisfactory. With a tractor equipped with an accurate measurement tool and data acquisition unit, this study tries to make actual interval between receiving, processing and displacing data while it provides the right analysis of recorded changes for controlling automatically and applying instructions with types of operators installed on tractor or mounted instruments on it. Finally, it displays measurement results in such a way that they are understandable not only for researchers and designers of agricultural machineries but also for a regular operator. The system can be installed with minimal changes on all conventional tractors in Iran.
